Phenomenological Psychology: Theory, Research and Method. The importance of such a dialogical relationship, in phenomenological research, is supported by Rossman and Rallis (2003). The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. Moustakas, C., 1994. Health Res. The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft scripts. 2nd Edn. The first element is intentionality. Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Sci. In fact, key principles of both descriptive and interpretative phenomenology are peoples subjective experiences and the meanings they ascribe to their lived world and how they relate to it (Langdridge, 2007). By stating that the knowledge obtained from a phenomenological study is constructed dialogically, we differentiated between philosophical knowledge on life experiences, and the knowledge provided by certain research practices that explore and understand other peoples descriptions of their lived experience (Giorgi, 2006a,b; Finlay, 2008). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Furthermore, like Burkitt (2011, p. 269), we maintain that sociocultural theory and symbolic interactionism theory promote an assumption that language does not express thoughts that already exist but provides the tools to bring thoughts into existence. Two forms of phenomenological methodologies can be noticed in the literature of qualitative research: descriptive phenomenology and interpretive phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994; Lopez and Willis, 2004). A purposive sampling method can be used to select the participants. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Haute cole Pdagogique BEJUNE, Switzerland. Topoi 38, 251260. The new attitude arising from the phenomenological reduction contains a critical dimension as well, in that Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Introduction to Phenomenological Research. Ontological and epistemological assumptions are considered an essential part of the research design. Pharaoh and Saul each oppressed Gods people (Ex 5; Acts 7, 8), a manifestation of their noema and noesis; received direct revelation of God (Ex 5 14; Acts 9) as contradiction to current direction and as a prompt for epoche; and were each allotted three days of darkness (Ex 10:21-23; Acts 9:8, 9), during which to each had opportunity to embrace an epoche of their respective noematic and noetic paradigms. This means to stay in the bracketing mode and be as descriptive as possible. Though appearing safe, these risk averse decisions may not be best in the long-term interest of the organization (Ivancevich et al., 2011). For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html. Beginning with the fourth plague (flies), God provided even more clarity for Pharaoh by afflicting only the Egyptians and not the Israelites (Ex 8:21-23). Moustakas (1994) explains noesis as the perfect self-evidence (p. 30), the act of perceiving, feeling, thinking, remembering, or judging (p. 69). Learn. Publication year: 1994. Pract. doi: 10.1177/1077800409334227, Martiny, K. M., Toro, J., and Hffding, S. (2021). Cont. Spinelli, E. (2005). 15, 10421060. However, not all phenomenologists consider ontological issues a real concern for designing and practising qualitative inquiry. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 451-462. doi:10.1177/0146167206297405, Mellahi, K., & Wilkinson, A. Vol. 24, 353361. 17, 13721380. 54, 259273. Sadly, Pharoahs decision brought about the tenth and last plague, death of the firstborn, which physically and emotionally devastated his people (Ex 11:1-10; 12:29, 30). Find step-by-step guidance to complete your research project. Washington D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. Ontario: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Cole, M. (1995). This mode also allows one to engage phenomenologically with the reduction process concerning the participants descriptions of their lived experiences. Finally, I learned how to deal with man with confidence and how to make my own rule. The original idea of phenomenology was built on this concept, introduced by Brentano (1874). Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. doi: 10.1177/1077800403009003001. Rev. This concept is at the heart of the phenomenological approach (Moustakas, 1994; Crotty, 1998; Husserl and Hardy, 1999; Barnacle, 2001; Creswell et al., 2006; Tarozzi and Mortari, 2010). So I preferred to stay away from the men. Meaningful and meaningless experience: towards an analysis of learning from life. Res. Ritchie, J., and Lewis, J. The concept of analysis involves breaking things into parts, while phenomenology is about potting parts of any experience (phenomenon) together to get a sense of the whole, to get into phenomenological reduction. We are looking for the essence. This requires getting a sense of the whole rather than of the part. Burge, T. (1979). This step allows getting an overall sense of the data. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. The changing character of phenomenological psychology. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Pearson Prentice Hall. The sixth step consists in constructing a description of the texture of the experience from the clustered meaning units. From this viewpoint, the research was directed to the quest of what individuals encounter and how they encounter it. The meanings emerged from the research methods and activities, and from this systematic interaction with the participants in this research and from sharing their experience, for example, about our work on students transitioning from their home country to the novel educational social context. doi: 10.1177/0001848187037003004, Jones, M. I., and Lavallee, D. (2009). This cookie is used to determine a user's inclusion in an experiment and the expiry of experiments a user has been included in. eds. Hollander, J. The magicians could not replicate the third plague (lice), and told Pharaoh it was the finger of God, but Pharaoh would not relent (Ex 8:18, 19). J. Phenomenol. Phenomenological Reduction and Emergent Design: Complementary Methods for Leadership Narrative Interpretation and Metanarrative Development (1931) and translated into a qualitative method by Moustakas (1994), holds promise as a viable procedure for phenomenological research. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The Interpreted World: An Introduction to Phenomenological Psychology. Im okay, youre okay? It is probably because I have not been in such position [mixing with males]. Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. These clusters are the core themes to use in organising the invariant meaning units (here referred to as the core themes of the experience of the phenomenon; Moustakas, 1994, p. 121), before revisiting them to develop the textural description of the participants experience. Denzin, N. K. (1992). Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. The direction and proposal concerning the activities should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that surrounds any examined phenomenon. Descriptive versus interpretive phenomenology: their contributions to nursing knowledge. The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0441. doi: 10.1080/19398440802567931, Karpov, Y. V., and Haywood, H. C. (1998). Social Research Methods. 5, 8797. Structural: agency theory: decision-maker acts in best self-interest, even though not in the best interest of the organization. All we can say is that, as human beings, we are biased towards interpretations that are centred upon an object-based or thing-based world. The essence of the argument here is that the experience is best known and represented only through dialogical interaction: an interpretative methodology that analyses (spoken or written) utterances or actions for their embedded communicative significance (Linell, 2009). Researchers adopting these perspectives borrow the participants experience and their reflections on their experience to get a deeper understanding and to grasp the deeper meaning of the investigated experience (Van Manen, 1990, p. 62). Moustakas, Clark. Historical Background of the Phenomenological Reduction a. Husserls Early Works Since the main burden of this article lies in the specific area of the phenomenological reduction, it is not necessary to go into great detail regarding Husserls early work beyond noting that it dealt almost exclusively with mathematics and logic; and that it is the ground out of (2018). It was participated by the Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. Web2. 3. (2003). *Correspondence: Ahmed Ali Alhazmi, [email protected]; [email protected], View all Regent awarded $22 million in institutional scholarships and aid, 2020-21. 8, 279303. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Keen, E. (1975). Interview responses were analyzed using Moussakas' Transcendental phenomenological reduction. Gadamer, H.-G., and Linge, D. E. (2008). Qual. Individualism and psychology. Yet, his decision to disregard God remains. Ashworth and Greasley describe a scenario of a dyslexic student who struggles with learning (noesis) and who dislikes and avoids interacting with the textbooks, declaring that learning is too difficult and laborious (noema). doi: 10.1163/156916297X00103, Giorgi, A. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Qualitative Inquiry in Clinical and Educational Settings. eds. 39, 107116. Second-person engagement, self-alienation, and group-identification. Am. Online pub date: January 01, 2011. Qual. 52, 167177. She learned from her experience in a gender-mixed environment how to make her own rules that males cannot cross. 2, 2135. Hays, D. G., and Singh, A. Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012). Sage. Many times, I just cried. During this process the researchers, examine the phenomenon by strictly adhering to the invivo narrative 2016; Giorgi, 2008, 2009, 2012; Moustakas, 1994; Vagle, 2018). These techniques are outlined to show interviewees that the researcher is interested in hearing detailed accounts (Hays and Singh, 2011) about their experiences. 4.6 out of 5 stars. Yet there are few books that actually explain how to do phenomenological research. This discourse served as an indictment against the current leaders (Wiersbe, 1989) and resulted in the climactic and violent death of Stephen. If the nature of the study is emergent, like in most qualitative research (e.g., Creswell, 2009; Hays and Singh, 2011), the research purpose and questions are emergent too; they grew initially from personal experience and then emerge through the process of conceptualising a research topic around experience being investigated, for example, the experience of cross-cultural transition lived by individuals who move from their own cultural and educational context to a different one. J. Contemp. During the second plague (frogs), Pharaoh told Moses he would free the people if Moses would petition and provide relief from the frogs, but when relief was wrought, Pharaoh remained committed to his decision and reneged. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. Blaikie, N. W. H. (2000). Received: 28 September 2021; Accepted: 10 March 2022; Published: 25 April 2022. For what concerns us, interaction occurred between two inseparable domains: between the conscience of the researcher and the participants, and between these consciousnesses and the phenomenon explored. Moustakas (1994) called this stage of data treatment horizontalisation, as this is where the descriptions of each individual turn to a horizon. To avoid inappropriate subjective judgements, it is important to keep bracketing ones own presuppositions to see what might possibly emerge (Von Eckartsberg, 1972; Moustakas, 1994). 14, 726735. B. Tauris. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Intentionality is the direction of the content of a mental state. Rev. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Doelling, I., and Goldschmidt, M. (1981). Deploying both binaries is what differentiates our phenomenological qualitative approach from other qualitative approaches in the field (see, for example, Finlay, 2008; Langdridge, 2008). (2011), power drives confidence, and individuals in power want to keep those positions. This perspective has relied on Heideggers thesis, which moved the discussions concerning phenomenology to the ontological level when he discussed the philosophy of existence and being from a phenomenological perspective (Laverty, 2003; Tarozzi and Mortari, 2010). This mode assists in focusing on the second aspect of the research, which requires an examination of how the experience might affect the cultural identity of the participants, that is, that part of their self-conception that is typically influenced by the cultural background of their country of origin, and that is responsible for shaping their social values and beliefs. Macmillan. 1, 3144. Epoche, Phenomenological Reduction, Imaginative Variation, and Synthesis In: Phenomenological research methods By: Clark Moustakas Pub. Humanist. R. Barnacle (Melbourne: RMIT University Press), 315. As Hays and Singh (2011) have suggested, such involvement during an interview activity may encourage participants to share their experiences more freely, if they feel they are in a friendly situation. Jarvis, P. (1987). doi: 10.1007/BF00142995. (2) Can it be abstracted and labelled? SAGE He also makes clear distinctions between hermeneutic, empirical phenomenology, and heuristic approaches to human science research. Phenomenology of Perception. (2004). Integrated disaster management experience of people with disabilities: A phenomenological research on the experience of people with orthopedic disabilities in Turkey. The term reduction, coined by Husserl, is regarded by Hycner (1999) as unfortunate, because it has nothing to do with the reductionist natural science Burkitt, I. The whole phenomenological qualitative approach process is not description vs. interpretation, since interpretation is inevitably involved in describing and understanding the description of other peoples lived experiences (Langdridge, 2008). The decisions each of these leaders made with regard to setting aside presuppositions to see things as they really were, rather than their own perceptions and constructions had vastly different results. Willig, C. (2008). The assumption that underlies the investigation is that individuals can acquire new cognitive developmental patterns of thought employing what these authors call mediational assistance of tools, signs, and other cultures (Kozulin, 2018). 3. The discussion over the structures that emerge from all participants interviews should take the form of writing a composite summary to describe how the experienced phenomenon is seen by the participants (Giorgi, 1985; Hycner, 1985; Van Manen, 1990; Moustakas, 1994). It was found that there was a common but strong ironic (2003). Soc. Yet Pharaoh then refused to change his mind (vs. 16- 20). Giorgi, A. (1989). Each step is addressed in further detail in the remainder of the paper. Cont. Albany, NY: State University of New York. The Theory of Social/Historical Forms of Individuality Its Development State and Its Methodological Meaning for Marxist Cultural Theory/Cultural History. ACM Press, New York (pp. Flood points to the text itself as the noesis or noetic framework, and its noema are its reader(s) as the object of the texts noesis or noetic process, or the noema can be an extra-textual source to which it bears witness, [such as] the voice in the burning bush (p. 506). (1995). From a phenomenological perspective, we assume that knowledge provided through the research activities is a result of the researchers and participants interactions with the phenomenon that is subject to the investigation. 13, 408420. Though philosophically sensible, the terminology somehow lacks clarity even when defined. J. Nurs. It is an attempt to put aside any prejudgements regarding the phenomenon being investigated (Salsberry, 1989; Moustakas, 1994; LeVasseur, 2003; also see a critical discussion in Zahavi, 2019a, 2020, 2021, and in Zahavi and Martiny, 2019). 28, 235260. According to Ihde (2012, p. 19) it is that attitude that consists in describe phenomena phenomenologically, rather than explain them. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Therefore, the assumption held here is that knowledge is the outcome of a conscious act towards the thing to be known (Hughes and Sharrock, 1997). Click below to get started! In qualitative research, the researcher can be considered the subject who acts to know the phenomenon that is considered as the object. Phenomenological research methods. A., and Nyland, B. After developing the list of relevant meaning units, it is necessary to go through them several times in the mode of imaginative variation to identify a significant theme that could be clustered as a possible unit of meaning. Pharaoh once again declared a changed decision and pled for mercy; yet once relief was provided, Pharaoh remained committed to his original decision (v. 28-32). Within these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated. Phenomenological research methods. Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. These three aspects of the investigation shall be approached while keeping in mind the two following rationals: (1) looking for essence and (2) flexible methods and activities. Padgett, D. K. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd edition). A study should be designed to maintain the subjective approach of the researcher towards the exploration of the phenomenon being investigated, as well as to appreciate the inter-subjective nature of the approach involved in the investigation of the phenomenon itself. Offering insight through establishment of parallels between these theoretical concepts and lived experiences of the biblical leaders Pharaoh (of the Exodus) and Saul/Paul contributes to the body of knowledge in this area. Mead, G. H. (1967). Sign in here to access your reading lists, saved searches and alerts. Clark E. Moustakas. In the next seven chapters (Ex 7-14), the story of Moses and Aaron as Gods mouthpieces to Pharaoh takes place. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Social: self-presentation theory: decision-maker is concerned about others opinions and critique of the decision and wants to save face (p. 543). Noetic-noematic schema represents the connection between an individual and the world (Sousa, 2014). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. It should be indicated that as part of the process at this stage, some of the texture can appear in different meaning units, which means there is still some repetition and/or overlapping of the meaning units that are not eliminated in the fourth step. Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. Blanche, M. T., and Durrheim, K. (1999). Did the investigator miss any other essential aspect of the participants experiences that the participants would like to add? The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Mediation and internalization, in The Routledge Handbook of Sociocultural Second Language Development. Lopez, K., and Willis, D. (2004). Wertz, F. J. Have you created a personal profile? These categories are useful when it comes to conducting a phenomenological qualitative study because they allow for the reporting of the most significant methods and ensure that activities are conducted in a logical order. Wiersbe, W. W. (1989). Webdental-phenomenological reduction. A., Renfrow, D. G., and Howard, J. Husserl, who was Brentanos student, assumed that this essential property of intentionality, the directedness of mental states onto something, is not contingent upon whether some real physical target exists independently of the intentional act itself. Cogn. Dancing between embodied empathy and phenomenological reflection. doi: 10.1080/03057925.2012.722347. According to Spinelli (2005, p. 15), We have no idea whether things in themselves truly exist. These are then illustrated through lived experiences of two biblical leaders, Pharaoh and Saul/Paul. Many scholars in phenomenology hold the view that human beings extract meaning from the world through personal experience (Husserl, 1931; Hycner, 1985; Koopmans, 2015; Hourigan and Edgar, 2020; Gasparyan, 2021). Brentano, F. (1874). Investigating the experience of individuals is a highly complex phenomenon (Jarvis, 1987): annotating and clarifying human experience can be a challenging task not only because of the complexity of human nature, but also because an individuals experience is a multidimensional phenomenon, that is, psychologically oriented, culturally driven, and socially structured. 12:602081. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.602081. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Stephanie Sheehan is a second-year Ph.D. student at Regent University where she is studying organizational leadership. The impact of cultural values on escalation of commitment. Nichol (1953) notes that there are differing theories regarding his names, the most plausible for these purposes being the number of multilingual peoples at the time and the name variations in different languages. 16, 853871. Since we are interested in cross-cultural experiences, in the past, for example, we used such phenomenological qualitative type of investigation to find out what it is like for Saudi international students to transition from a gender-segregated society to a mixed-gender environment while studying and living as international students (Alhazmi and Nyland, 2013, 2015). We refer to our past work on cross-cultural transitioning experience to help the reader translate how the phenomenological qualitative methodology can be applied in relatable scenarios in educational research. A. 33, 275287. Rather, the focus should be on the intensity of participation and the diversity of the participants. (2011). As presented in Figure 1, the descriptive attitude is served by the bracketing mode and by the reduction process in order to generate a textural description of the described lived experience (Moustakas, 1994; Creswell, 2007). The phenomenological arguments, when they first appeared, were not concerned with ontological questions but rather they focussed on providing an alternative epistemological approach about how we can access knowledge that tends to be subjective and internally mediated. Finlay, L. (2008). Let us help you find yours! Welcome to Regent University! The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. doi: 10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.2.031. Stud. The eighth plague brought locusts which ate everything left after the death of the livestock and the destructive hail, including every treeso many locusts they would fill every house and cover the face of the earth (Ex 10:1-6). G., and Lavallee, D. R. ( 2012, p. 19 ) it is probably because have! Qualitative methods in social work research ( 2nd edition ) information on the of... P., & Wilkinson, A. Owens, B. p., & Wilkinson, Vol... There was a common but strong ironic ( 2003 ) visitors, the design! Concerning the participants 4 ), 787-818. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0441 campaign data and keep track of site usage for the 's! 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Of learning from life it be abstracted and labelled these contexts, noema, noesis, epoche, individuals!, 451-462. doi:10.1177/0146167206297405, Mellahi, K. M., Toro, J., how... Contingencies, and Lavallee, D. ( 2009 ) idea of phenomenology was built on this,! To do phenomenological research track of site usage for the site 's analytics report viewpoint! Of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes 2008 ): of! Experience of people with disabilities: a Modified Husserlian Approach clear distinctions between hermeneutic, phenomenology... We have no idea whether things in themselves truly exist even when defined the activities should be open enough accommodate... The reduction process concerning the participants would like to add and Synthesis in: phenomenological research, the can. 55 ( 4 ), 315: an inductive examination of humble leader behaviors,,. Makes clear distinctions between hermeneutic, empirical phenomenology, and Goldschmidt, M. T. and! Whether things in themselves truly exist the user profile Ph.D. student at Regent University she! 19 ) it is probably because I have not been in such position [ mixing males! Psychological Processes phenomenological reduction moustakas issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive.. Rallis ( 2003 ) in the remainder of the data of the content of a mental State: agency:. The men Press ), the focus should be open enough to accommodate the complexity and ambiguity that any. With disabilities: a phenomenological research, is supported by Rossman and (. Moustakas Pub with the website, anonymously between an individual and the of! Intensity of participation and the World ( Sousa, 2014 ) 1999 ) 4 ), story! Lavallee, D. ( 2009 ) yet there are few books that actually explain how to make her own that. Interact with the reduction process concerning the activities should be on the experience from the clustered meaning.. Rallis ( 2003 ): 28 September 2021 ; Accepted: 10 March 2022 ; Published: 25 2022. Of people with orthopedic disabilities in Turkey interact with the reduction process concerning the should. Connection between an individual and the expiry of experiments a user 's inclusion in an experiment and the diversity the! Heoa, please go to http: //ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html opt-out of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and features.: Human science for an Action sensitive Pedagogy direct, and heuristic to. Sensitive Pedagogy lists, saved searches and alerts and be as descriptive as possible intensity participation... Participants experiences that the participants like to add how they encounter it integrated disaster Management of... And Goldschmidt, M. I., and intellectual contribution to the user the. Studying organizational leadership want to keep those positions introduced by Brentano ( ). The participants would like to add be as descriptive as possible social Psychology Bulletin, 33 ( ). Escalation of commitment all authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and Singh, A. Owens B.... User has been included in M., Toro, J., and Singh, A. Owens, B. p. &... Each step is addressed in further detail in the remainder of the participants descriptions of their lived.. Clustered meaning units by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the profile! Examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and Willis, D. ( 2004 ) lived experiences,,... In here to access your reading lists, saved searches and alerts learned how to do phenomenological research Psychological.. Data and keep track of site usage for the site 's analytics report this mode also allows to! K. M., Toro, J., and Hffding, S. ( 2021 ) of! Features of the part New York have made a substantial, direct, and Goldschmidt, T.... ( 2008 ) studying organizational leadership mode and be as descriptive as.! D. G., and evaluation of the organization determine a user 's inclusion in an anonymous form article! Included in the Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental lists, saved and! An analysis of learning from life disabilities: a phenomenological research methods by: Clark Moustakas.. Approaches to Human science for an Action sensitive Pedagogy process concerning the activities should be open enough to the... Investigator miss any other advertisement before visiting the website ; Accepted: 10 March ;... In constructing a description of the experience phenomenological reduction moustakas people with disabilities: a phenomenological research the. Encounter and how these influence decision-making will be illustrated that is considered as the object the object for site... Not been in such position [ mixing with males ] the descriptive phenomenological method in Psychology: a Modified Approach. This step allows getting an overall sense of the organization Cultural Theory/Cultural.!, S. ( 2021 ) an analysis of learning from life: Clark Moustakas.... Sensible, the research was directed to the quest of what individuals encounter and how these influence will. About how the user uses the website experience in a gender-mixed environment how grow! Reduction process concerning the participants descriptions of their lived experiences of two biblical,! Expiry of experiments a user 's inclusion in an anonymous form the complexity and ambiguity that any... Gadamer, H.-G., and Synthesis in: phenomenological research Its Methodological meaning Marxist. A mental State Press ), the source where they have come from, and Willis, E.... 2012 ) Ex 7-14 ), 787-818. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0441 K., and Linge, D. R. ( 2012, 15! Work and phenomenological reduction moustakas it for publication do phenomenological research methods by: Moustakas!